Transformation of Organizational Models and Structures in the Digital Era: A Systematic Literature Review
Keywords:
Digital Transformation; Adaptive Organizational Structure; Digital Leadership; Organizational Culture; Digital Capabilities; Organizational Strategy
Abstract
Background: Digital transformation has fundamentally changed the global business landscape and the strategic direction of modern organizations. Therefore, this study aims to identify the transformation of organizational models and structures in the digital era.
Method: The method used in this study is a Systematic Literature Review with research stages following the PRISMA approach. The research data consists of 30 articles sourced from Google Scholar, Elsevier/ScienceDirect, and Garuda Dikti, covering the period 2020–2025.
Results: The findings indicate that organizational models and structures in the digital era are shifting from traditional hierarchical forms to adaptive, collaborative, and agile structures that enable rapid responses to environmental changes. Digital leadership and organizational culture emerge as key success factors, with leaders acting as agents of change and an innovative culture supporting the internalization of values such as collaboration and continuous learning. The study further found that digital capabilities including digital platforms, AI, and data analytics play a dual role as catalysts for efficiency and drivers of innovation, improving data-driven decision-making and overall organizational performance. An effective digital transformation strategy requires integrated management of digital maturity, adaptive governance, and change risk management, enabling organizations to balance operational efficiency with continuous innovation.
Conclusion: This research confirms that organizational transformation in the digital era is an adaptive process that requires synergy between structure, culture, leadership, digital capabilities, and strategy to achieve long-term success.
References
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Li, L. (2024). Reskilling and upskilling the future-ready workforce for Industry 4.0 and beyond. Information Systems Frontiers, 26, 1697–1712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10308-y
Lin, Y., Yousaf, Z., Grigorescu, A., & Popovici, N. (2025). Harnessing digital foundations and artificial intelligence synergies: Unraveling the role of digital platforms, artificial intelligence, and strategic adaptability in organizational innovativeness. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 10(2), 100670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100670
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Muralidhar, L. B., Lakshmi, K. V. N., Swapna, H. R., Rupani, J., Nethravathi, K., Pandey, B. K., & Pandey, D. (2024). Impact of organizational culture on the level of corporate social responsibility investments: An exploratory study. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 4(3), 2267-2285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-024-00371-9
Nugroho, Y. A., Widodo, A., Pebrina, E. T., & Iskandar, J. (2025). Digitalization in higher education: How information systems improve operational and strategic performance. Indonesian Journal of Management and Economic Research, 3(1), 90–98.
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Shahzad, K., Imran, F., & Butt, A. (2025). Digital transformation and changes in organizational structure: Empirical evidence from industrial organizations. Research-Technology Management, 68(3), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2025.2465706
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Vaszkun, B., & Sziráki, É. (2023). Unlocking the key dimensions of organizational agility: A systematic literature review on leadership, structural and cultural antecedents. Society and Economy, 45(4), 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1556/204.2023.00023
Verhoef, P. C., Broekhuizen, T., Bart, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Dong, J. Q., Fabian, N., & Haenlein, M. (2021). Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 122, 889–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022
Wang, Y. (2024). Exploring the impact of workload, organizational support, and work engagement on teachers' psychological well-being: a structural equation modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1345740. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1345740
Zhang, Y., & Adnan, A. B. M. (2025). Organizational structure and stakeholder engagement in organizational performance: A systematic literature review. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 8(10), e2025312. https://malque.pub/ojs/index.php/mr/article/view/7672
Almuqrin, A., Mutambik, I., Alomran, A., & Alojail, M. (2024). How do digital capabilities affect organizational performance in the public sector? The mediating role of the organizational agility. Administrative Sciences, 14(2), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14020037
Burns, T., & Stalker, G. M. (1994). The management of innovation (Rev. ed.). Oxford University Press.
Butt, A., Imran, F., Helo, P., & Kantola, J. (2024). Strategic design of culture for digital transformation. Long Range Planning, 57(2), 102415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2024.102415
Capgemini Research Institute. (2021). Digital mastery 2020: How organizations have progressed in their digital transformations over the past two years. Capgemini. https://www.capgemini.com/insights/research-library/digital-mastery/
Cheng, Z., Jin, X., & Kwak, W. J. (2025). Using the new positive aspect of digital leadership to improve organizational sustainability: Testing moderated mediation model. Acta Psychologica, 255, 104963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104963
Cosa, M., & Torelli, R. (2024). Digital transformation and flexible performance management: A systematic literature review of the evolution of performance measurement systems. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 25(3), 445–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-024-00409-9
Daft, R. L. (2021). Organization theory and design (13th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Deloitte Insights. (2023). Unleashing value from digital transformation: Paths and pitfalls. Deloitte. https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/topics/digital-transformation/digital-transformation-value-roi.html
Firdaus, I. T., Tursina, M. D., & Roziqin, A. (2021). Transformasi birokrasi digital di masa pandemi Covid-19 untuk mewujudkan digitalisasi pemerintahan Indonesia [Digital bureaucracy transformation during the Covid-19 pandemic to realize the digitalization of Indonesia's government]. Kybernan: Jurnal Studi Kepemerintahan, 4(2), 226–239. https://doi.org/10.35326/kybernan.v4i2.1244
Fitriani, K. D. N., & Nurleli. (2023). Pengaruh struktur organisasi dan budaya organisasi Islam terhadap efektivitas sistem informasi akuntansi manajemen [The influence of organizational structure and Islamic Organizational culture on the effectiveness of management accounting information systems]. Bandung Conference Series: Accountancy, 3(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsa.v3i1.5749
Garrido-Moreno, A., Martín-Rojas, R., & García-Morales, V. J. (2024). The key role of innovation and organizational resilience in improving business performance: A mixed-methods approach. International Journal of Information Management, 77, 102777.
Gierten, D., & Lesher, M. (2022). Assessing national digital strategies and their governance. OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 324. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/baffceca-en
Hanelt, A., Bohnsack, R., Marz, D., & Antunes Marante, C. (2021). A systematic review of the literature on digital transformation: Insights and implications for strategy and organizational change. Journal of Management Studies, 58(5), 1159–1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12639
Harikannan, N., Vinodh, S., & Antony, J. (2025). Analysis of the relationship among Industry 4.0 technologies, sustainable manufacturing practices and organizational sustainable performance using structural equation modeling. The TQM Journal, 37(1), 42-72. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-02-2023-0044
Joseph, J., & Sengul, M. (2024). Organization design: Current insights and future research directions. Journal of Management, 51(1), 249–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063241271242
Khisa, M. (2020). Decentralization of public services and the role of local government in rural development: Findings from Bangladesh. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 10(1), 249–261. https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i1.16612
Kolbjørnsrud, V. (2024). Designing the intelligent organization: Six principles for human–AI collaboration. California Management Review, 66(2), 44–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/00081256231211020
Kulichyova, A., Islam, N., Kazantsev, N., & White, L. (2025). Digital transformation in large established organisations: Four restructuring dilemmas based on dynamic capabilities. International Journal of Management Reviews, 27, 420–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12395
Leso, B. H., Cortimiglia, M. N., & Ghezzi, A. (2023). The contribution of organizational culture, structure, and leadership factors in the digital transformation of SMEs: a mixed-methods approach. Cognition, Technology & Work, 25(1), 151–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-022-00714-2
Li, L. (2024). Reskilling and upskilling the future-ready workforce for Industry 4.0 and beyond. Information Systems Frontiers, 26, 1697–1712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10308-y
Lin, Y., Yousaf, Z., Grigorescu, A., & Popovici, N. (2025). Harnessing digital foundations and artificial intelligence synergies: Unraveling the role of digital platforms, artificial intelligence, and strategic adaptability in organizational innovativeness. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 10(2), 100670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100670
Malik, M., Raziq, M.M., Sarwar, N., & Tariq, A. (2025). Digital leadership, business model innovation and organizational change: role of leader in steering digital transformation. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 32(5), 1632-1662. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-04-2023-0283
Maulana, A., Indriati, F., & Hidayah, K. (2022). Analysis of bureaucratic reform through delayering of government institutions in Indonesia. Jurnal Borneo Administrator, 18(2), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v18i2.1003
McKinsey & Company. (2021). The new digital edge: Rethinking strategy for the postpandemic era. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-new-digital-edge-rethinking-strategy-for-the-postpandemic-era
Meidawati, N., Rosida, G., & Hudayati, A. (2025). Corporate governance, organizational culture, and firm performance: a systematic literature review (SLR) and future research opportunities. International Journal of Research in Business & Social Science, 14(3), 333-346. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v14i3.4012
Mollah, M. A., Al Masud, A., & Chowdhury, M. S. (2024). How does digital leadership boost competitive performance? The role of digital culture, affective commitment, and strategic agility. Heliyon, 10(23), e40839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40839
Muralidhar, L. B., Lakshmi, K. V. N., Swapna, H. R., Rupani, J., Nethravathi, K., Pandey, B. K., & Pandey, D. (2024). Impact of organizational culture on the level of corporate social responsibility investments: An exploratory study. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 4(3), 2267-2285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-024-00371-9
Nugroho, Y. A., Widodo, A., Pebrina, E. T., & Iskandar, J. (2025). Digitalization in higher education: How information systems improve operational and strategic performance. Indonesian Journal of Management and Economic Research, 3(1), 90–98.
Nuryadin, R., Sobandi, A., & Santoso, B. (2023). Digital leadership in the Indonesian public sector: A systematic literature review. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi, 20(1), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.31113/jia.v20i1.934
Pacheco-Cubillos, D. B., Boria-Reverter, J., & Gil-Lafuente, J. (2024). Transitioning to agile organizational structures: A contingency theory approach in the financial sector. Systems, 12(4), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12040142
Ridwan, I., & Sumirat, I. R. (2021). Kebijakan desentralisasi pendidikan di era otonomi daerah [Education decentralization policy in the era of regional autonomy]. Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter JAWARA (Jujur, Adil, Wibawa, Amanah, Religius, Akuntabel), 7(1), 87–110. https://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/JAWARA/article/view/11611
Saeed, S., Altamimi, S. A., Alkayyal, N. A., Alshehri, E., & Alabbad, D. A. (2023). Digital transformation and cybersecurity challenges for businesses resilience: Issues and recommendations. Sensors, 23(15), 6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156666
Safi’i, I., Suef, M., & Karningsih, P. D. (2025). Integration of DEMATEL and ANP methods to evaluate digital transformation maturity model in Indonesian higher education institutions. Cogent Education, 12(1), 2590266. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2590266
Shahzad, K., Imran, F., & Butt, A. (2025). Digital transformation and changes in organizational structure: Empirical evidence from industrial organizations. Research-Technology Management, 68(3), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2025.2465706
Soleh, M., & Mukrodi. (2025). Desain struktur organisasi dalam organisasi: Tinjauan strategis terhadap efektivitas dan adaptabilitas organisasi modern [Organizational structure design: A strategic review of effectiveness and adaptability of modern organizations]. Anthronomics: Jurnal Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, 2(3), 126–133.
Vaszkun, B., & Sziráki, É. (2023). Unlocking the key dimensions of organizational agility: A systematic literature review on leadership, structural and cultural antecedents. Society and Economy, 45(4), 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1556/204.2023.00023
Verhoef, P. C., Broekhuizen, T., Bart, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Dong, J. Q., Fabian, N., & Haenlein, M. (2021). Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 122, 889–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022
Wang, Y. (2024). Exploring the impact of workload, organizational support, and work engagement on teachers' psychological well-being: a structural equation modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1345740. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1345740
Zhang, Y., & Adnan, A. B. M. (2025). Organizational structure and stakeholder engagement in organizational performance: A systematic literature review. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 8(10), e2025312. https://malque.pub/ojs/index.php/mr/article/view/7672
Published
2026-02-16
How to Cite
Marlina, D., Setiawan, Y., & Sojanah, J. (2026). Transformation of Organizational Models and Structures in the Digital Era: A Systematic Literature Review. Sharia Economic and Management Business Journal (SEMBJ), 7(1), 93-114. https://doi.org/10.62159/sembj.v7i1.1995
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Copyright (c) 2026 Dessy Marlina, Yana Setiawan, Janah Sojanah
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