The Effects of Technopreneurship and Green Entrepreneurship on Entrepreneurial Skills: The Mediating Role of Digital Literacy among Vocational High School Students in Malang, Indonesia
Abstract
Background: High unemployment among vocational high school graduates highlights the need to strengthen entrepreneurial skills. Technopreneurship, green entrepreneurship, and digital literacy offer opportunities to improve students’ entrepreneurial competencies in an increasingly digital and sustainability-oriented economy.
Research Gap: Previous studies have examined technopreneurship and green entrepreneurship separately, while their combined relationships with entrepreneurial skills and the mediating role of digital literacy remain insufficiently explored, particularly among Indonesian vocational students.
Novelty: This study integrates technopreneurship and green entrepreneurship into a unified framework, examining digital literacy as a mediator of entrepreneurial skills development within vocational education.
Method: A quantitative explanatory design was employed involving 157 Grade 12 Digital Business students selected through simple random sampling from vocational schools in Malang, Indonesia. Questionnaire data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4.
Results: Technopreneurship (β = 0.470) and green entrepreneurship (β = 0.432) positively influenced entrepreneurial skills. Digital literacy demonstrated a significant positive relationship with entrepreneurial skills (β = 0.626). Significant indirect effects were identified for technopreneurship (β = 0.256) and green entrepreneurship (β = 0.285), with all reported p-values below 0.001. However, discriminant validity remained problematic (HTMT = 0.976).
Conclusion: Integrating technology-based and environmentally sustainable entrepreneurship education with digital literacy may strengthen vocational students’ entrepreneurial competencies. Nevertheless, the measurement model requires further validation before definitive conclusions can be established.
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