Constructing Teacher Work Quality in Public Secondary Schools: A Qualitative Study of Instructional Supervision, Pedagogical Competence, and Work Discipline
Keywords:
instructional supervision, pedagogical competence, teacher work quality, work discipline
Abstract
This study explores how teachers in public secondary schools construct work quality regarding instructional supervision, pedagogical competence, and work discipline. A qualitative case study involved 25 science and mathematics teachers from five schools in Jambi Province, Indonesia, selected through purposive maximum variation sampling. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and document analysis, then analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings reveal teachers construct work quality as multidimensional: professional responsibility toward student outcomes, continuous learning, relational collaboration, and integration of spiritual values—particularly Islamic amanah (trust), ibadah (worship), and ikhlas (sincere intention). Instructional supervision is perceived supportive only when developmental, relational, and action-oriented, yet quality varies due to principal training gaps, geographical constraints, and infrastructure disparities. Pedagogical competence is understood as an ongoing developmental journey hindered by limited training access, heavy workloads, and non-linear teaching assignments. Work discipline involves external compliance and internal commitment, shaped by geographical, personal, and structural factors rather than merely individual character. The study concludes teacher work quality is a contextually situated achievement constructed through ongoing negotiation between personal values, professional experiences, institutional demands, and cultural-religious frameworks, with implications for context-sensitive teacher development policies.
References
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Bresler, L. (1994). Zooming in on the Qualitative Paradigm in Art Education: Educational Criticism, Ethnography, and Action Research.
Cabahug, Ian, Nelson Osias, Bernard Ongcachuy, and G. C. (2024). 21st Century Skills and Teachers’ Performance: Basis for Instructional Development Plan. American Journal of Arts and Human Science, 3(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54536
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Holloway, Jessica, and J. B. (2018). Making Accountable Teachers: The Tensions and Pursuits of Teachers’ Work in an Era of Accountability. Journal of Education Policy, 33(3), 323–344.
Idris, M. (2016). The Impact of Supervision, Motivation and Work Ethic on Teachers’ Professional Competence: A Case Study of Private Islamic High School Teachers. Journal of Islamic Education, 1(2), 87–102.
Itang, I. (2015). Work Discipline and Work Competence with Quality of Service in the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) District of Mount Kencana Lebak Regency of Banten. Journal of Business and Management, 4(2), 123–134.
Itang Sapwan, Ahmad, Diding Meirawan, Dedy Saton, and C. S. (2025). The Role of Digital Supervision in Enhancing Teacher Performance in Indonesian Secondary Education. IRJE: Indonesian Research Journal in Education, 9(1), 495–508. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22437/irje.v9i01.44664.
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Loughran, John, Amanda Berry, and P. M. (2012). Understanding and Developing Science Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge. 2nd ed. Sense Publishers.
Masbirorotni, Masbirorotni, Robin Pratama, Priscilla Wulan Tersta, et al. (2025). Academic Supervision, Altruistic Leadership, Trust, and Teacher Enjoyment: Analyzing Their Influence on Teacher Performance in Bungo Regency. Proceedings Academic Universitas Jambi 1, 1089–1099. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22437/proca.v1i3.50615
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Napiah. (2025). Komunikasi Efektif Kepala Sekolah dalam Membangun Kualitas Kinerja Guru di SMA Negeri 8 Merangin. UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Nur Hidayati, Abd Muis, U. (2025). Visionary Leadership in Education: Strategies for Achieving International Standard. Al-Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 9(2), 386–398. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.33650/al-tanzim.v9i2.9782
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Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice (4th ed.). SAGE Publication.
Pazmino, M. (2024). Teacher Shortages in STEM Subjects: A Global Crisis. International Journal of Science Education, 46(3), 245–262.
Pitri. (2025). Pelaksanaan Supervisi Akademik di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Provinsi Jambi. Universitas Jambi.
Puspitasari, Dewi, Hendra Saputra, and A. F. (2025). Coaching-Based Supervision: Implementing TIRTA-Innovative Coaching Flow in Indonesian Schools. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 18(2), 112–128.
Rita Pusvitasari, Chantana Viriyavejakul, P. S. (2024). An Empirical Analysis of Islamic Leadership: Mediating Role of Teacher Well-being. The Asian Conference on Education 2024.
Sainah, Siti, Sutrisno Sutrisno, Fetti Kennisah Putri, Muazza Muazza, and A. A. (2025). Analysis of Teacher Needs and Distribution in Indonesia: A Literature Review on Planning the Number and Quality of Educators. Improvement: Jurnal Ilmiah Untuk Peningkatan Mutu Manajemen Pendidikan, 12(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21009/improvement.v12i1.60710
Samsu. (2022). Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah, Supervisi E-learning, dan Kinerja Guru di MAN Provinsi Jambi. INNOVATIO: Journal for Religious Innovation Studies, 8(2), 123–142.
Shulman, L. S. (n.d.). Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–22.
Siskawati, Siti, Muhammad Ali, and N. H. (2024). Upaya Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Disiplin Kerja Guru di Jambi. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 11(2), 89–104.
Subagia, I. N. (2025). Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru di Provinsi Jambi: Analisis Empat Aspek. Universitas Jambi.
Sumirah, S. (2020). Principal Supervision, Work Discipline, and Pedagogical Competence and Their Relationship with Teacher Work Quality. International Journal of Research -VGRANTHAALAYAH, 8(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i3.2020.86.
Vangrieken, Katrien, Filip Dochy, and E. R. (2015). Teacher Collaboration: A Systematic Review. Educational Research Review, 15, 17–40.
Wang, X. (2024). Research on the Relationship Between Teachers’ Professional Competence and Students’ Academic Achievements. Proceedings of the 2024 3rd International Conference on Science Education and Art Appreciation (SEAA 2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-291-0_51
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White, Simone, and A. S. (2025). What Does It Mean to Be a Teacher? Beyond Narrow Conceptions of Teacher Quality. Teaching and Teacher Education, 145.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. 6th ed. CA: SAGE Publications.
Amzat, Ismail, Purnama Yanti, and S. S. (2022). Estimating the Effect of Principal Instructional and Distributed Leadership on Professional Development of Teachers in Jakarta, Indonesia. SAGE Open, 12(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221109585.
Andari, U. R. & S. (2023). MANAJEMEN SUPERVISI TERJADWAL TERINTEGRASI NILAI SPIRITUAL PARADIGM SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PEMBELAJARAN DI SMPIT AT-TAQWA SURABAYA. Jurnal Inspirasi Manajemen Pendidikan, 11(5), 1163–1177.
Anggraini, Tia, Ahmad Muhammad, and I. H. (2024). Digital Literacy and Teaching Experience as Predictors of Pedagogical Competence in the Digital Era. Tarbawi Jurnal Keilmuan Manajemen Pendidikan, 10(2), 295–306. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32678/tarbawi.v10i02.10795.
Ardi Saputra Aceh, Nur Asnawi, M. F. T. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Islamic Leadership, Work Ethic, and Discipline on Job Satisfaction and Teacher Performance in Madrasah. Al-Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 8(4), 1110–1123. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.33650/al-tanzim.v8i4.8911
Avalos, B. (2011). Teacher Professional Development in Teaching and Teacher Education over Ten Years. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.08.007.
Awang, Noraziah, Hazri Jamil, and M. K. O. (2025). Factors Affecting Teachers’ Implementation of Innovative Pedagogies: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(3), 366–382. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.3.18.
BPS Provinsi Jambi. (2025). Jumlah Sekolah, Guru, dan Murid SMP di Bawah Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jambi, 2025/2026.
Braun, Virginia, and V. C. (2022). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. SAGE Publications.
Bresler, L. (1994). Zooming in on the Qualitative Paradigm in Art Education: Educational Criticism, Ethnography, and Action Research.
Cabahug, Ian, Nelson Osias, Bernard Ongcachuy, and G. C. (2024). 21st Century Skills and Teachers’ Performance: Basis for Instructional Development Plan. American Journal of Arts and Human Science, 3(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54536
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing among Five Approaches (4th Editio). SAGE Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks.
Daniele, V., Christopher, B., Debora, G., & Luca, G. (2007). The Role of School Leadership on Student Achievement: Evidence from Timss2003. https://doi.org/10.2788/61252
Demir, Kadir, and M. K. (2025). Instructional Leadership and Teachers’ Instructional Practices: A Serial Mediation by Teacher Autonomy and Collective Teacher Innovativeness. European Journal of Education, 60(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.70155.
Desrianti, Desrianti, and A. A. (2024). Supervisi Akademik Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Profesionalisme Guru. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sosial, 5(2), 145–156.
Ebuara, Victor, and M. A. C. (2012). Influence of Staff Discipline and Attitude to Work on Job Satisfaction of Lecturers in Tertiary Institutions in Cross River State. Journal of Education and Practice, 3(5), 45–52.
Firmansyah, F. (2025). Pengaruh Program Pendidikan Guru Penggerak, Kompetensi Kepemimpinan Pembelajaran, dan Beban Kerja Guru Terhadap Kinerja Guru di Provinsi Jambi. Universitas Jambi.
Glickman, Carl D., Stephen P. Gordon, and J. M. R.-G. (2018). Supervision and Instructional Leadership: A Developmental Approach 10th ed. Pearson.
Goldhaber, Dan, and E. A. (2007). Can Teacher Quality Be Effectively Assessed? National Board Certification as a Signal of Effective Teaching. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(1), 134–150.
Handayani, E. F., Lutfiya, K., WIndasari, & Cindy, A. H. (2024). Pentingnya Peran Pengelolaan Tenaga Kependidikan Dalam Meningkatkan Efektivitas Administrasi Sekolah Di SMP Negeri 34 Surabaya. 4, 1448–1458. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.58578/tsaqofah.v4i3.2818
Hedrick-Shaw, D. (2024). Looking Back to Move Forward: Re-examining “Alternative” Certification as a Site for Teacher Learning. Teaching Education, 35(2), 123–141.
Hidayati, Niswatin Nurul, Rahma Sugihartati, and T. P. R. (n.d.). Between Loyalty and Precarity: Teachers Living as “Precarious Workers” of Education Sectors in Indonesian Rural Areas. International Conference on Multidisciplinary Studies (ICoMSi 2024), 47–61.
Holloway, Jessica, and J. B. (2018). Making Accountable Teachers: The Tensions and Pursuits of Teachers’ Work in an Era of Accountability. Journal of Education Policy, 33(3), 323–344.
Idris, M. (2016). The Impact of Supervision, Motivation and Work Ethic on Teachers’ Professional Competence: A Case Study of Private Islamic High School Teachers. Journal of Islamic Education, 1(2), 87–102.
Itang, I. (2015). Work Discipline and Work Competence with Quality of Service in the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) District of Mount Kencana Lebak Regency of Banten. Journal of Business and Management, 4(2), 123–134.
Itang Sapwan, Ahmad, Diding Meirawan, Dedy Saton, and C. S. (2025). The Role of Digital Supervision in Enhancing Teacher Performance in Indonesian Secondary Education. IRJE: Indonesian Research Journal in Education, 9(1), 495–508. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22437/irje.v9i01.44664.
Joni, Muhammad, Nova Susanti, and R. H. (2025). The Influence of Digital Competency and Teacher Leadership on Innovative Behaviour and Teaching Performance in Jambi Province. Teknopedagogi, 15(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22437/teknopedagogi.v15i2.47480.
Jumiati, Sri Mulyani, Robi Yanto, Imron, . Anasrul, Kasinyo Harto, M. A. (2024). Analysis of the Islamic Concept of Supervision. TOFEDU: The Future of Education Journal, 3(5), 1869–1876.
Khotimah, K. (2024). Pengaruh Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru Terhadap Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik di Madrasah Tsanawiyah AL-Hidayah Bangun Karya Rantau Rasau Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Timur. UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Loughran, John, Amanda Berry, and P. M. (2012). Understanding and Developing Science Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge. 2nd ed. Sense Publishers.
Masbirorotni, Masbirorotni, Robin Pratama, Priscilla Wulan Tersta, et al. (2025). Academic Supervision, Altruistic Leadership, Trust, and Teacher Enjoyment: Analyzing Their Influence on Teacher Performance in Bungo Regency. Proceedings Academic Universitas Jambi 1, 1089–1099. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22437/proca.v1i3.50615
Masita, Masita, Muazza Muazza, and E. H. (2025). Analisis Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru di Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 12(1), 56–70.
Menengah, K. P. D. dan. (2025). Data Referensi Pendidikan: SMP Negeri di Provinsi Jambi.
Muhajirin. (2025). Strategi Kepala Sekolah dalam Pengembangan Kompetensi Profesional Guru di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri Provinsi Jambi 2025. UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Najwa, Khusnul, Rizki Yuda Kurniawan, Putri Utami Kamalia, et al. (2024). A Qualitative Investigation Related to Increasing Teachers’ Abilities and Capabilities. E3S Web of Conferences 568, 04023. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456804023.
Nakpodia, E. (2011). The Dependent Outcome of Teachers Performance in Secondary Schools in Delta State: An Empirical Assessment of Principal’s Supervision Capacity. Journal of Education and Practice, 2(4), 15–24.
Napiah. (2025). Komunikasi Efektif Kepala Sekolah dalam Membangun Kualitas Kinerja Guru di SMA Negeri 8 Merangin. UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Nur Hidayati, Abd Muis, U. (2025). Visionary Leadership in Education: Strategies for Achieving International Standard. Al-Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 9(2), 386–398. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.33650/al-tanzim.v9i2.9782
Obae, C., Dai, C-P. and Leong, P. (2025). Bridging the divide: immersive virtual spaces for hybrid learning in remote teacher education. Education in the North, 32(3), 24-38.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice (4th ed.). SAGE Publication.
Pazmino, M. (2024). Teacher Shortages in STEM Subjects: A Global Crisis. International Journal of Science Education, 46(3), 245–262.
Pitri. (2025). Pelaksanaan Supervisi Akademik di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Provinsi Jambi. Universitas Jambi.
Puspitasari, Dewi, Hendra Saputra, and A. F. (2025). Coaching-Based Supervision: Implementing TIRTA-Innovative Coaching Flow in Indonesian Schools. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 18(2), 112–128.
Rita Pusvitasari, Chantana Viriyavejakul, P. S. (2024). An Empirical Analysis of Islamic Leadership: Mediating Role of Teacher Well-being. The Asian Conference on Education 2024.
Sainah, Siti, Sutrisno Sutrisno, Fetti Kennisah Putri, Muazza Muazza, and A. A. (2025). Analysis of Teacher Needs and Distribution in Indonesia: A Literature Review on Planning the Number and Quality of Educators. Improvement: Jurnal Ilmiah Untuk Peningkatan Mutu Manajemen Pendidikan, 12(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21009/improvement.v12i1.60710
Samsu. (2022). Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah, Supervisi E-learning, dan Kinerja Guru di MAN Provinsi Jambi. INNOVATIO: Journal for Religious Innovation Studies, 8(2), 123–142.
Shulman, L. S. (n.d.). Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–22.
Siskawati, Siti, Muhammad Ali, and N. H. (2024). Upaya Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Disiplin Kerja Guru di Jambi. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 11(2), 89–104.
Subagia, I. N. (2025). Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru di Provinsi Jambi: Analisis Empat Aspek. Universitas Jambi.
Sumirah, S. (2020). Principal Supervision, Work Discipline, and Pedagogical Competence and Their Relationship with Teacher Work Quality. International Journal of Research -VGRANTHAALAYAH, 8(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i3.2020.86.
Vangrieken, Katrien, Filip Dochy, and E. R. (2015). Teacher Collaboration: A Systematic Review. Educational Research Review, 15, 17–40.
Wang, X. (2024). Research on the Relationship Between Teachers’ Professional Competence and Students’ Academic Achievements. Proceedings of the 2024 3rd International Conference on Science Education and Art Appreciation (SEAA 2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-291-0_51
Wati, Sri, Amril Amril, and Z. Z. (2024). Peran Kepemimpinan Transformasional, Perilaku Inovatif, Komitmen Kerja, Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Guru Sekota Jambi. Edukatif: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 6(3), 2345–2360.
Weerasinghe, D., Daniel, R., Polgampala, S., & Gurunada, J. (2024). Remote Learning and Teaching: Critical Perspectives of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Teacher Education in Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, and India BT - Inclusion and Social Justice in Teacher Education (J. Burke, M. Cacciattolo, & D. Toe (eds.); pp. 295–314). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67612-3_16
White, Simone, and A. S. (2025). What Does It Mean to Be a Teacher? Beyond Narrow Conceptions of Teacher Quality. Teaching and Teacher Education, 145.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. 6th ed. CA: SAGE Publications.
Published
2026-06-02
How to Cite
Sumirah, S., & Susanti, T. (2026). Constructing Teacher Work Quality in Public Secondary Schools: A Qualitative Study of Instructional Supervision, Pedagogical Competence, and Work Discipline. GHAITSA : Islamic Education Journal , 7(2), 39-55. https://doi.org/10.62159/ghaitsa.v7i2.1991
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2026 Sumirah Sumirah, Try Susanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
