A Discovery-Based Learning Model Focused on Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Aqidah Akhlak Instruction to Enhance Students’ Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence
Keywords:
Aqidah Akhlak, Emotional-spiritual intelligence, Higher-order thinking skills, Inquiry-based discovery learning
Abstract
This study aims to develop and evaluate the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of a HOTS-oriented Inquiry-Based Discovery Learning (IDL) model in the teaching of Aqidah Akhlak to enhance students’ higher-order thinking skills and emotional-spiritual intelligence. This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using a modified Borg & Gall model. The research subjects included teachers and students at a public Madrasah Aliyah in Pesisir Selatan Regency. Data were collected through observation, interviews, expert validation, a practicality questionnaire, and pre- and post-tests following the implementation of the model. Qualitative data were analyzed descriptively, while quantitative data were analyzed using Aiken’s V, the practicality percentage, the paired-sample t-test, and N-Gain. The results of the study indicate that the HOTS-based IDL model meets validity criteria with Aiken’s V values ranging from 0.77 to 0.82, is practical with a practicality level of 79.32%–80.25%, and is effective based on N-Gain values ranging from 0.38 to 0.86, which fall into the moderate to high category. The implementation of this model has proven effective in enhancing students’ analytical, evaluative, and creative abilities while strengthening their emotional and spiritual intelligence through active and reflective learning grounded in Islamic values. These findings indicate that the integration of HOTS into the IDL model contributes to the development of Aqidah Akhlak learning that is oriented not only toward cognitive achievement but also toward the development of emotional and spiritual intelligence as holistic goals of Islamic education.
References
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al Aliyawinata, T. T., Utari, E., & Mahrawi, M. (2021). The effect of discovery learning on students’ higher-order thinking skills. International Journal of Biology Education Towards Sustainable Development, 1(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.53889/ijbetsd.v1i1.47
Alanazi, A. A., Osman, K., & Halim, L. (2024). Effect of scaffolding strategies and guided discovery on higher-order thinking skills in physics education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(9), em2496. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/14980
Anwar, M. A., Gani, A. M. O., & Rahman, M. S. (2020). Effects of spiritual intelligence from Islamic perspective on emotional intelligence. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(1), 216-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-10-2016-0123
Apriansyah, A., & Harto, K. (2025). Development of Hots-Based Teaching Materials to Improve Students'problem-Solving Skills in Islamic Religious Subjects At Sd Muhammadiyah 18 Palembang. Jurnal Asy-Syukriyyah, 26(2), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.36769/asy.v26i2.1343
Arifin, Z., Saputro, S., & Kamari, A. (2025). The effect of inquiry-based learning on students’ critical thinking skills in science education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 21(3), em2592. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15988
Asipi, L. S., Rosalina, U., & Nopiyadi, D. (2022). The analysis of reading habits using Miles and Huberman interactive model to empower students’ literacy at IPB Cirebon. International Journal of Education and Humanities, 2(3), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.58557/ijeh.v2i3.98
Bhat, A. M., & Bisati, A. A. (2025). Rationality in the Qur'an: Integrating reason and revelation for contemporary Islamic education. Dirasah International Journal of Islamic Studies, 3(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.59373/drs.v3i1.40
Casudi, C., Rizki, H. D., Normasari, S. W., Isyrina, P. L., & Miskiyyah, E. R. (2025). Integration of Character Education in Aqidah Akhlaq Learning for Fourth Grade Students at Madrasah Diniyah Baabussalam, Kemukten Village. AL GHAZALI: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pemikiran Islam, 5(2), 290-318. https://doi.org/10.69900/ag.v5i2.506
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Dumiyati, D., Musnandar, A., Julhadi, J., Na’im, Z., & Muta'allim, M. A. (2023). The development of Islamic education curriculum on building religious moderation at Manbaul Ulum Islamic boarding school. AL-WIJDÃN Journal of Islamic Education Studies, 8(3), 359-381. https://doi.org/10.58788/alwijdn.v8i3.2607
Eka Putra, R., & Iswantir. (2021, February). The Analysis of Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) with Problem Based Learning (PBL). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1779, No. 1, p. 012037). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1779/1/012037
Ernawati, L., Kholis, N., & Zainiyati, H. S. (2025). Development of Integrated Spiritual, Moral, and Scientific (SMS) Islamic Education Instructional Materials for High School Students. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 9(3), 644-661. https://doi.org/10.35723/ajie.v9i3.179
Fries, L., Son, J. Y., Givvin, K. B., & Stigler, J. W. (2021). Practicing connections: A framework to guide instructional design for developing understanding in complex domains. Educational Psychology Review, 33(2), 739-762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09561-x
González-Salamanca, J. C., Agudelo, O. L., & Salinas, J. (2020). Key competences, education for sustainable development and strategies for the development of 21st century skills. A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 12(24), 10366. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410366
Haakman, M., Cruz, L., Huijgens, H., & Van Deursen, A. (2021). AI lifecycle models need to be revised: An exploratory study in Fintech. Empirical Software Engineering, 26(5), 95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-09993-1
Hanton, H., Syamsuardi, S., & Novita, Y. (2021). Character Development Patterns for Students in Islamic Boarding Schools. Diniyyah Jurnal, 8(2), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.63061/8yrz2q81
Hilalludin, H., Supratama, R., & Addzaky, K. U. (2025). A Review and Analysis of The Scope of Aqidah Akhlaq Subjects in Islamic Elementary Schools. Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar dan Pengembangan Pembelajaran, 1(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.34125/jpd.v1i1.1
Ibnu, S., & Rahayu, S. (2020). The effectiveness of new inquiry-based learning (NIBL) for improving multiple higher-order thinking skills (M-HOTS) of prospective chemistry teachers. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 1309-1325. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.3.1309
Ismail, I. A., Jhora, F. U., Qadriati, Q., & Insani, M. (2024). Enhancing science learning activities through the implementation of discovery learning and teaching at the right level method. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(4), 1886-1895. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i4.7359
Ismet, S., Laili, I., & Rahmawati, D. (2025). The role of Islamic education in promoting moral and ethical values among modern youth. The Journal of Academic Science, 2(3), 823-832. https://doi.org/10.59613/8nqntb26
Khasanah, U. (2023). Islamic education as a foundation of character: A case study of the formation of noble morals in students. Journal of Islamic Education, 8(2), 294-309. https://doi.org/10.35723/jie.v8i2.541
Lukitasari, F., Nurlaela, L., Ismawati, R., & Rijanto, T. (2020). Comparison of learning outcomes between discovery learning with inquiry learning reviewed of student learning independence at vocational high school. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 2(10). https://doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v2i10.3305
Ma, Q., & Wang, F. (2022). The role of students’ spiritual intelligence in enhancing their academic engagement: A theoretical review. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 857842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.857842
Mahfud, M., & Zahriyah, S. (2025). Internalizing Islamic Values in Students: The Role of Character Education in Building Morals and Ethics. MA'ALIM: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 6(1), 93-105. https://doi.org/10.21154/maalim.v6i1.10150
Maulidnawati, A., Yaumi, M., & Ibrahim, M. M. (2026). HOTS-Based RADEC Learning Model Improves Critical Thinking Skills in Integrated Islamic Elementary School Students. International Journal of Elementary Education, 10(1), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v10i1.111611
Muhayati, E. I., Trisnawaty, W., & Subaidah, S. (2023). Implementation of discovery learning models to improve students mathematic learning outcomes. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(5), 3975-3980. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i5.2190
Munawarsyah, M. (2023). Islamic education in the modern era: Analysis of student character and their role in facing the challenges of Industry 4.0. HEUTAGOGIA: Journal of Islamic Education, 3(2), 141-154. https://doi.org/10.14421/hjie.2023.32-01
Oktiasari, R., Asyari, H., & Zamroni, M. A. (2021). Strategy of Teacher Competency Development Program in Madrasah Tsanawiyah. Nidhomul Haq: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 6(2), 442-456. https://doi.org/10.31538/ndh.v6i2.1592
Ragab, A., Kaid, A., & Sayed, A. K. (2024). Enhancing higher order thinking skills (hots) in education: Strategies and outcomes. TOFEDU: The Future of Education Journal, 3(5), 1488-1499. https://doi.org/10.61445/tofedu.v3i5.267
Rahman, I., Iskandar, M. Y., Kustati, M., & Sepriyanti, N. (2024). Sustainable Development: Implementation of The Talqin Method in Memorizing the Quran. Jurnal Kepemimpinan dan Pengurusan Sekolah, 9(1), 99-108. https://doi.org/10.34125/jkps.v9i1.355
Rahman, I., Wati, W., Putri, N., Wulandari, R., & Habibi, U. A. (2025). Commercialization of Quranic Tahfidz Houses in Indonesia: Da'wah or Business?. Journal of Quranic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 34-48. https://joqer.intischolar.id/index.php/joqer/article/view/6
Rukmana, S., Pasaribu, M., & Sofyan, S. (2024). Holistic integration of Islamic religious education values: A comprehensive strategy for character development at MAN 1 Tapanuli Tengah. Fikrotuna: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Manajemen Islam, 13(2), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.32806/jf.v14i2.636
Rusdiana, R., Yaqin, H., Hamdan, H., & Ma’ruf, H. (2026). Reactualizing ‘Aqal and Qalb in Islamic Education: A Deep Learning and Love-Based Approach within the Merdeka Curriculum Framework. AL GHAZALI: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pemikiran Islam, 6(1), 325-341. https://doi.org/10.69900/ag.v6i1.594
Samad, D., Amirsyah, U., & Nizar, S. (2025). Development And Evaluation of A Sufi Oriented Experiential Learning Model In Islamic Religious Education. INJECT (Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication), 10(2), 1989-2006. https://doi.org/10.18326/inject.v10i2.5997
Selirowangi, N. B., Aisyah, N., & Rohmah, L. (2024). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning Untuk Meningkatkan Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). EDUKASIA Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 5(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v5i1.714
Selviana, A. S., & Sunarno, W. (2022). The effectiveness of using physics module with problem-based learning to enhance critical and creative thinking skills. Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 6(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.23887/jere.v6i1.35476
Shin, H. S., & Jeong, A. (2021). Modeling the relationship between students' prior knowledge, causal reasoning processes, and quality of causal maps. Computers & Education, 163, 104113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104113
Sholihah, L., Hasanah, A., Siregar, H. S., Nurhamzah, N., & Osmanov, F. F. (2025). The Development of Guided Inquiry Learning Model Based on Islamic Values in Islamic Education Courses. International Journal of Islamic Educational Research, 2(4), 103-112. https://doi.org/10.61132/ijier.v2i4.481
Smith, A. M. D. (2025). Towards the Development of a Culturally Relevant Competency Model for Parenting Education in Jamaica: A Constructivist Grounded Theory and Adult Education Approach (Doctoral dissertation, Delaware State University).
Tambak, S., Hamzah, H., Sukenti, D., & Sabdin, M. (2021). Internalization of Islamic Values in Developing Students' Actual Morals. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 10(4), 697-709. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v10i4.30328
Wang, Y. H. (2020). Design-based research on integrating learning technology tools into higher education classes to achieve active learning. Computers & Education, 156, 103935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103935
Afifah, A. M., Tumin, T., & Iskandar, I. (2025). Analysis of the Akidah Akhlak Textbook to Strengthen Students’ Moral Character and Spiritual Values. JIE (Journal of Islamic Education), 10(2), 640-662. https://doi.org/10.35723/jie.v10i2.643
al Aliyawinata, T. T., Utari, E., & Mahrawi, M. (2021). The effect of discovery learning on students’ higher-order thinking skills. International Journal of Biology Education Towards Sustainable Development, 1(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.53889/ijbetsd.v1i1.47
Alanazi, A. A., Osman, K., & Halim, L. (2024). Effect of scaffolding strategies and guided discovery on higher-order thinking skills in physics education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(9), em2496. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/14980
Anwar, M. A., Gani, A. M. O., & Rahman, M. S. (2020). Effects of spiritual intelligence from Islamic perspective on emotional intelligence. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(1), 216-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-10-2016-0123
Apriansyah, A., & Harto, K. (2025). Development of Hots-Based Teaching Materials to Improve Students'problem-Solving Skills in Islamic Religious Subjects At Sd Muhammadiyah 18 Palembang. Jurnal Asy-Syukriyyah, 26(2), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.36769/asy.v26i2.1343
Arifin, Z., Saputro, S., & Kamari, A. (2025). The effect of inquiry-based learning on students’ critical thinking skills in science education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 21(3), em2592. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15988
Asipi, L. S., Rosalina, U., & Nopiyadi, D. (2022). The analysis of reading habits using Miles and Huberman interactive model to empower students’ literacy at IPB Cirebon. International Journal of Education and Humanities, 2(3), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.58557/ijeh.v2i3.98
Bhat, A. M., & Bisati, A. A. (2025). Rationality in the Qur'an: Integrating reason and revelation for contemporary Islamic education. Dirasah International Journal of Islamic Studies, 3(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.59373/drs.v3i1.40
Casudi, C., Rizki, H. D., Normasari, S. W., Isyrina, P. L., & Miskiyyah, E. R. (2025). Integration of Character Education in Aqidah Akhlaq Learning for Fourth Grade Students at Madrasah Diniyah Baabussalam, Kemukten Village. AL GHAZALI: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pemikiran Islam, 5(2), 290-318. https://doi.org/10.69900/ag.v5i2.506
de Hond, A. A., Leeuwenberg, A. M., Hooft, L., Kant, I. M., Nijman, S. W., van Os, H. J., ... & Moons, K. G. (2022). Guidelines and quality criteria for artificial intelligence-based prediction models in healthcare: a scoping review. NPJ digital medicine, 5(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00549-7
Demir, İ. (2025). Reason, Understanding and Cognition in Religious Education in The Context of The Educational Value of Cognitive Processes. YAZIT Kültür Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 552-575. https://doi.org/10.59902/yazit.1762758
Dumiyati, D., Musnandar, A., Julhadi, J., Na’im, Z., & Muta'allim, M. A. (2023). The development of Islamic education curriculum on building religious moderation at Manbaul Ulum Islamic boarding school. AL-WIJDÃN Journal of Islamic Education Studies, 8(3), 359-381. https://doi.org/10.58788/alwijdn.v8i3.2607
Eka Putra, R., & Iswantir. (2021, February). The Analysis of Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) with Problem Based Learning (PBL). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1779, No. 1, p. 012037). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1779/1/012037
Ernawati, L., Kholis, N., & Zainiyati, H. S. (2025). Development of Integrated Spiritual, Moral, and Scientific (SMS) Islamic Education Instructional Materials for High School Students. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 9(3), 644-661. https://doi.org/10.35723/ajie.v9i3.179
Fries, L., Son, J. Y., Givvin, K. B., & Stigler, J. W. (2021). Practicing connections: A framework to guide instructional design for developing understanding in complex domains. Educational Psychology Review, 33(2), 739-762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09561-x
González-Salamanca, J. C., Agudelo, O. L., & Salinas, J. (2020). Key competences, education for sustainable development and strategies for the development of 21st century skills. A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 12(24), 10366. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410366
Haakman, M., Cruz, L., Huijgens, H., & Van Deursen, A. (2021). AI lifecycle models need to be revised: An exploratory study in Fintech. Empirical Software Engineering, 26(5), 95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-09993-1
Hanton, H., Syamsuardi, S., & Novita, Y. (2021). Character Development Patterns for Students in Islamic Boarding Schools. Diniyyah Jurnal, 8(2), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.63061/8yrz2q81
Hilalludin, H., Supratama, R., & Addzaky, K. U. (2025). A Review and Analysis of The Scope of Aqidah Akhlaq Subjects in Islamic Elementary Schools. Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar dan Pengembangan Pembelajaran, 1(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.34125/jpd.v1i1.1
Ibnu, S., & Rahayu, S. (2020). The effectiveness of new inquiry-based learning (NIBL) for improving multiple higher-order thinking skills (M-HOTS) of prospective chemistry teachers. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 1309-1325. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.3.1309
Ismail, I. A., Jhora, F. U., Qadriati, Q., & Insani, M. (2024). Enhancing science learning activities through the implementation of discovery learning and teaching at the right level method. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(4), 1886-1895. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i4.7359
Ismet, S., Laili, I., & Rahmawati, D. (2025). The role of Islamic education in promoting moral and ethical values among modern youth. The Journal of Academic Science, 2(3), 823-832. https://doi.org/10.59613/8nqntb26
Khasanah, U. (2023). Islamic education as a foundation of character: A case study of the formation of noble morals in students. Journal of Islamic Education, 8(2), 294-309. https://doi.org/10.35723/jie.v8i2.541
Lukitasari, F., Nurlaela, L., Ismawati, R., & Rijanto, T. (2020). Comparison of learning outcomes between discovery learning with inquiry learning reviewed of student learning independence at vocational high school. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 2(10). https://doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v2i10.3305
Ma, Q., & Wang, F. (2022). The role of students’ spiritual intelligence in enhancing their academic engagement: A theoretical review. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 857842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.857842
Mahfud, M., & Zahriyah, S. (2025). Internalizing Islamic Values in Students: The Role of Character Education in Building Morals and Ethics. MA'ALIM: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 6(1), 93-105. https://doi.org/10.21154/maalim.v6i1.10150
Maulidnawati, A., Yaumi, M., & Ibrahim, M. M. (2026). HOTS-Based RADEC Learning Model Improves Critical Thinking Skills in Integrated Islamic Elementary School Students. International Journal of Elementary Education, 10(1), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v10i1.111611
Muhayati, E. I., Trisnawaty, W., & Subaidah, S. (2023). Implementation of discovery learning models to improve students mathematic learning outcomes. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(5), 3975-3980. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i5.2190
Munawarsyah, M. (2023). Islamic education in the modern era: Analysis of student character and their role in facing the challenges of Industry 4.0. HEUTAGOGIA: Journal of Islamic Education, 3(2), 141-154. https://doi.org/10.14421/hjie.2023.32-01
Oktiasari, R., Asyari, H., & Zamroni, M. A. (2021). Strategy of Teacher Competency Development Program in Madrasah Tsanawiyah. Nidhomul Haq: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 6(2), 442-456. https://doi.org/10.31538/ndh.v6i2.1592
Ragab, A., Kaid, A., & Sayed, A. K. (2024). Enhancing higher order thinking skills (hots) in education: Strategies and outcomes. TOFEDU: The Future of Education Journal, 3(5), 1488-1499. https://doi.org/10.61445/tofedu.v3i5.267
Rahman, I., Iskandar, M. Y., Kustati, M., & Sepriyanti, N. (2024). Sustainable Development: Implementation of The Talqin Method in Memorizing the Quran. Jurnal Kepemimpinan dan Pengurusan Sekolah, 9(1), 99-108. https://doi.org/10.34125/jkps.v9i1.355
Rahman, I., Wati, W., Putri, N., Wulandari, R., & Habibi, U. A. (2025). Commercialization of Quranic Tahfidz Houses in Indonesia: Da'wah or Business?. Journal of Quranic Teaching and Learning, 1(2), 34-48. https://joqer.intischolar.id/index.php/joqer/article/view/6
Rukmana, S., Pasaribu, M., & Sofyan, S. (2024). Holistic integration of Islamic religious education values: A comprehensive strategy for character development at MAN 1 Tapanuli Tengah. Fikrotuna: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Manajemen Islam, 13(2), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.32806/jf.v14i2.636
Rusdiana, R., Yaqin, H., Hamdan, H., & Ma’ruf, H. (2026). Reactualizing ‘Aqal and Qalb in Islamic Education: A Deep Learning and Love-Based Approach within the Merdeka Curriculum Framework. AL GHAZALI: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pemikiran Islam, 6(1), 325-341. https://doi.org/10.69900/ag.v6i1.594
Samad, D., Amirsyah, U., & Nizar, S. (2025). Development And Evaluation of A Sufi Oriented Experiential Learning Model In Islamic Religious Education. INJECT (Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication), 10(2), 1989-2006. https://doi.org/10.18326/inject.v10i2.5997
Selirowangi, N. B., Aisyah, N., & Rohmah, L. (2024). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning Untuk Meningkatkan Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). EDUKASIA Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 5(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v5i1.714
Selviana, A. S., & Sunarno, W. (2022). The effectiveness of using physics module with problem-based learning to enhance critical and creative thinking skills. Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 6(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.23887/jere.v6i1.35476
Shin, H. S., & Jeong, A. (2021). Modeling the relationship between students' prior knowledge, causal reasoning processes, and quality of causal maps. Computers & Education, 163, 104113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104113
Sholihah, L., Hasanah, A., Siregar, H. S., Nurhamzah, N., & Osmanov, F. F. (2025). The Development of Guided Inquiry Learning Model Based on Islamic Values in Islamic Education Courses. International Journal of Islamic Educational Research, 2(4), 103-112. https://doi.org/10.61132/ijier.v2i4.481
Smith, A. M. D. (2025). Towards the Development of a Culturally Relevant Competency Model for Parenting Education in Jamaica: A Constructivist Grounded Theory and Adult Education Approach (Doctoral dissertation, Delaware State University).
Tambak, S., Hamzah, H., Sukenti, D., & Sabdin, M. (2021). Internalization of Islamic Values in Developing Students' Actual Morals. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 10(4), 697-709. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v10i4.30328
Wang, Y. H. (2020). Design-based research on integrating learning technology tools into higher education classes to achieve active learning. Computers & Education, 156, 103935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103935
Published
2026-10-24
How to Cite
Pasaleron, R., Wira, A., Remiswal, R., Darmansyah, D., Samad, D., Rehani, R., Sabri, A., & Bara, J. B. (2026). A Discovery-Based Learning Model Focused on Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Aqidah Akhlak Instruction to Enhance Students’ Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence . GHAITSA : Islamic Education Journal , 7(3), 414-431. https://doi.org/10.62159/ghaitsa.v7i3.2812
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2026 Roni Pasaleron, Ahmad Wira, Remiswal Remiswal, Darmansyah Darmansyah, Duski Samad, Rehani Rehani, Ahmad Sabri, Juliana Batu Bara
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
